:root{--paper:#f7f6f0;--ink:#24271f;--muted:#5f665b;--line:#cbcfc1;--accent:#be4726;--orange:#ed774b;--sage:#e3e8d7;--mono:ui-monospace,"SFMono-Regular",Consolas,"Liberation Mono",monospace;--sans:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}
*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:20px}body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font:16px/1.55 var(--sans)}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #125f90;outline-offset:4px}button{font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer}figure,h1,h2,h3,p{margin:0}img,video{max-width:100%;display:block}a,button{touch-action:manipulation}.page{width:min(1320px,calc(100% - 9vw));margin:auto}.site-head{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.head-content{display:flex;align-items:center;min-height:78px;gap:22px}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;font-weight:750;letter-spacing:-.045em;font-size:22px}.mark{width:31px;height:31px}.brand-type,.mono,.tag,.kicker,.button,.plate-top,.plate-caption,.chapter-meta,.footer,.caption,.breadcrumbs,.folio,.section-id,.chips,.date,.legend,.number,.mini-nav,.metric small,th,.printbtn{font-family:var(--mono);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:11px;line-height:1.5;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.075em}.brand-type{padding-left:20px;border-left:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--muted);font-size:10px}.head-content nav{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:32px;font-size:14px;align-items:center}.head-content nav a:hover,.textlink:hover,.mini-nav a:hover,.footer a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:5px}.nav-place{border-left:1px solid var(--line);padding-left:23px;color:var(--muted)}.dot{display:inline-block;width:8px;height:8px;background:var(--orange);border-radius:50%;margin-right:7px}.skip{position:absolute;top:-100px;left:1em;z-index:5;background:var(--ink);color:white;padding:10px}.skip:focus{top:8px}
.hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.88fr 1.12fr;gap:4.6%;align-items:center;padding:47px 0 45px}.hero-left{padding:15px 0}.kicker{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:#535a4c;font-size:10px}.kicker .key{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#ece8db;padding:5px 8px;border:1px solid #d7d4c6;color:#343a2d}.key i{display:inline-block;background:var(--accent);width:7px;height:7px}.slash{color:#978e7b}.hero h1,.case-title{font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.085em;line-height:.92}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(62px,7.45vw,112px);margin:25px 0 22px}.period{color:var(--orange)}.hero .lede{font-size:clamp(16px,1.4vw,20px);line-height:1.48;max-width:465px;color:#52594e;letter-spacing:-.018em}.actions{display:flex;gap:23px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:28px}.button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:18px;padding:13px 18px;background:var(--ink);color:#fff;border:1px solid var(--ink);font-weight:bold;font-size:10px}.button:hover{background:#404938}.button svg,.textlink svg,.article-link svg{width:17px;height:17px;flex:none}.textlink,.article-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:9px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.textlink svg{width:14px}.plate{position:relative;overflow:hidden;background-color:#ef855c;border:1px solid #bd6947;aspect-ratio:1.45;isolation:isolate;background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#6e3d2b14 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(#6e3d2b14 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:20px 20px}.plate-drawing{position:absolute;inset:1% 5% 3%;width:90%;height:94%;object-fit:contain}.plate-photo{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 42%}.plate-top,.plate-caption{position:absolute;left:18px;right:18px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;color:#422919;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:.1em}.plate-top{top:15px}.plate-bottom{position:absolute;bottom:11px;right:14px;display:flex;gap:3px;padding:3px;background:#fff6e4;border:1px solid #8b583d;border-radius:4px}.plate-bottom button{background:none;border:0;font:10px var(--mono);padding:5px 8px;border-radius:2px}.plate-bottom button[aria-pressed=true]{background:#35382b;color:white}.plate-caption{bottom:17px;right:auto}.plate[data-view=photo] .plate-top,.plate[data-view=photo] .plate-caption{background:var(--paper);padding:3px 6px;right:auto}.plate[data-view=photo] .plate-top span:last-child{display:none}[hidden]{display:none!important}.rule-heading{border-top:1px solid var(--ink);display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;padding:25px 0 20px}.rule-heading h2,.about h2{font:500 clamp(29px,3vw,45px)/1.08 var(--sans);letter-spacing:-.065em}.folio{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:10px;color:var(--muted)}.folio:before{content:'';width:23px;height:2px;background:var(--accent)}.chapters{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-bottom:56px}.chapter{display:block;min-width:0}.thumb{height:clamp(125px,12.5vw,190px);overflow:hidden;position:relative;border:1px solid #bfc2b2}.thumb img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .24s}.chapter:hover .thumb img{transform:scale(1.035)}.thumb.sketch{background-color:#e1e7d5;background-image:radial-gradient(#8297815e .8px,transparent .8px);background-size:8px 8px}.thumb.sketch img{object-fit:contain;padding:3px}.thumb.photo img{object-position:50% 59%}.thumb.chart{background:#ede9df}.thumb.chart img{object-fit:contain;width:88%;margin:auto;padding:7px}.chapter-meta{color:var(--accent);font-size:10px;margin:12px 0 4px}.chapter h3{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding-bottom:12px;font-size:clamp(18px,1.65vw,25px);letter-spacing:-.055em;font-weight:550}.chapter h3 span{font-weight:normal;color:#6e7365}.about{padding:30px 0 32px;border-top:1px solid var(--ink);display:grid;grid-template-columns:.72fr 1fr;gap:40px}.about .mono{color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:10px}.about p{color:#4e564a;max-width:660px;font-size:17px}.footer{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:20px 0 26px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;color:var(--muted);font-size:10px}
.breadcrumbs{margin:27px 0 24px;color:var(--muted);font-size:10px}.breadcrumbs a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.casehead{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.08fr .92fr;align-items:center;gap:7%;padding:10px 0 36px}.case-title{font-size:clamp(60px,6.8vw,103px);margin:18px 0}.casehead .lede{font-size:18px;line-height:1.5;max-width:570px;color:var(--muted)}.case-meta{border-top:1px solid var(--ink);margin-top:16px}.case-meta div{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:10px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);gap:15px}.case-meta span{color:var(--muted);font:10px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase}.case-meta strong{font-size:14px;font-weight:500}.mini-nav{display:flex;gap:17px 28px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid var(--ink);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:14px 0;font-size:10px}.mini-nav b{color:var(--accent);margin-right:3px}.printbtn{display:flex;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;padding:5px 0;margin-left:auto;font-size:10px;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}.case-body{max-width:1130px;margin:auto}.section{display:grid;grid-template-columns:180px minmax(0,1fr);gap:28px;padding:44px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);scroll-margin-top:12px}.section-id{color:var(--accent);display:flex;gap:9px;align-items:baseline}.section-id b{font-size:12px}.section h2{font-size:clamp(31px,3.3vw,48px);letter-spacing:-.065em;line-height:1.03;font-weight:550;margin:0 0 17px}.section h3{font-size:22px;letter-spacing:-.045em;line-height:1.2;margin:25px 0 9px}.section p{max-width:77ch;color:#464e43;line-height:1.67;margin:0 0 13px}.caption{font-size:10px;color:#555d50;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:.015em;line-height:1.6;margin-top:8px}.caption b{color:var(--accent);margin-right:5px}.concept-fig{background:#eeeee4;border:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:20px}.concept-fig img{margin:auto;width:100%;max-width:715px}.gallery{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:13px;margin:22px 0}.gallery a img{width:100%;height:auto;border:1px solid #c1c4b7}.video{width:100%;background:#272c25}.vidfig{margin:22px 0}.chart-panel{background:#eeeee5;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:18px clamp(7px,2vw,28px);margin:22px 0 10px}.chart-panel .mono{color:var(--muted);font-size:10px}.chart-panel img{width:100%;max-width:730px;margin:10px auto 0}.legend{font-size:9px;text-transform:none;text-align:center;color:var(--muted)}.metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border-top:1px solid var(--ink);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:23px 0}.metric{padding:14px 12px 14px 0}.metric small{display:block;font-size:9px;color:var(--muted)}.metric strong{display:block;font-weight:550;font-size:clamp(26px,3vw,39px);letter-spacing:-.07em;line-height:1.25}.math{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic}.section details{border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:18px 0}.section summary{cursor:pointer;padding:12px 0;font:12px var(--mono);color:var(--ink)}.table-overflow{overflow:auto}table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font:13px var(--mono);margin:5px 0 15px}td,th{text-align:right;padding:7px 9px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}th{font-size:10px;vertical-align:bottom}.note{border-left:3px solid var(--orange);padding:11px 15px;background:#eeeae0}.section .note p{margin:3px 0}.section .note .mono{font-size:10px;color:var(--accent)}.sources{font-size:13px;margin-top:13px;color:var(--muted)}.sources a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.casefoot{margin-top:30px}[id]{scroll-margin-top:15px}
@media(min-width:1450px){.hero{padding:60px 0}}
@media(max-width:900px){.brand-type{display:none}.hero{gap:3.5%}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(55px,8vw,78px)}.hero .kicker{gap:5px;font-size:9px}.section{grid-template-columns:128px minmax(0,1fr);gap:16px}.plate{aspect-ratio:1.18}.nav-place{font-size:9px}.chapter-meta{font-size:9px}.head-content{min-height:66px}.casehead{gap:4%}}
@media(max-width:680px){.page{width:calc(100% - 36px)}.head-content{gap:10px;min-height:62px}.brand{font-size:20px;gap:8px}.mark{width:26px;height:26px}.head-content nav{gap:18px;font-size:13px}.nav-place{display:none}.hero{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:28px 0;gap:23px}.hero-left{padding:0}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(62px,15vw,90px);margin:17px 0 15px}.hero h1 br{display:none}.hero h1 .word{display:block}.hero .lede{font-size:16px;max-width:44ch}.actions{margin-top:19px}.plate{aspect-ratio:1.5}.rule-heading{padding:21px 0 15px}.rule-heading h2{font-size:30px}.folio{font-size:9px}.chapters{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:17px;margin-bottom:28px}.chapter{display:grid;grid-template-columns:36% 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto auto;column-gap:14px;align-items:end}.thumb{grid-row:1/3;height:95px}.chapter-meta{margin:4px 0}.chapter h3{align-self:start;line-height:1.2;padding-bottom:9px;min-height:38px}.about{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:12px;padding:24px 0}.about p{font-size:15px}.footer{font-size:8px}.casehead{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:0 0 22px}.case-title{font-size:64px}.casehead .lede{font-size:16px}.case-meta div{padding:6px 0}.mini-nav{gap:10px 14px}.printbtn{margin:0}.section{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:9px;padding:29px 0}.section-id{font-size:9px}.section p{font-size:15px}.gallery{gap:7px}.caption{font-size:9px}.metrics{gap:5px}.metric{padding:10px 0}.metric small{font-size:8px}.metric strong{font-size:25px}.plate-top{top:9px;left:10px}.plate-caption{bottom:11px;left:10px;font-size:8px}.plate-bottom{right:8px;bottom:7px}.breadcrumbs{margin:18px 0}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}.thumb img{transition:none}}
@media print{body{background:white;font-size:10pt}.page{width:100%}.head-content{min-height:34px}.head-content nav,.skip,.mini-nav,.breadcrumbs,.plate-bottom,.footer a,.actions,.printbtn{display:none}.section{display:block;padding:13px 0}.section-id{margin-bottom:6px}.section h2{font-size:20pt}.section h3{font-size:14pt}.section p{font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38}.case-title{font-size:42pt}.casehead{padding:12px 0}.gallery,.chart-panel,.metrics,figure{break-inside:avoid}.chart-panel{max-width:540px}.vidfig video{max-width:450px}.about,.footer{padding:12px 0}a{color:inherit}.section details:not([open]){display:none}*{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}}
.clearance{margin-top:17px}.clearance img{width:100%;height:auto;border:1px solid var(--line)}.plate-photo{object-position:50% 50%}

.build-plate { background: #e6e3d8; border-color: var(--line); }
.build-plate .plate-photo { object-position: center; }
.build-plate .plate-top, .build-plate .plate-caption {
  right: auto;
  background: var(--paper);
  padding: 3px 7px;
}
.build-pair, .break-study {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: clamp(14px, 2vw, 25px);
  margin: 22px 0 30px;
}
.build-pair img, .break-study img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.break-study { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, .8fr) minmax(0, 1.2fr); align-items: center; }
.break-study h3 { margin-top: 0; }
.workings { padding: 0; margin: 18px 0; list-style: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); }
.workings li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 150px 1fr; gap: 14px; padding: 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.workings strong { font-weight: 600; }
.section p.sources a { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
@media (max-width: 680px) {
  .break-study { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .break-study img { max-height: 330px; object-fit: cover; object-position: center 42%; }
  .workings li { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2px; }
}
@media print {
  .build-pair, .break-study { break-inside: avoid; }
  .build-pair img, .break-study img { max-height: 210px; width: auto; }
}

/* Hopper case study */
.hopper-head {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.05fr) minmax(0, .95fr);
  gap: clamp(30px, 6vw, 88px);
}
.hopper-head .lede { max-width: 45ch; }
.hopper-head .kicker { color: var(--muted); }
.lead-photo img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.lead-photo figcaption, .case-body figcaption {
  font: 13px/1.45 var(--sans);
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0;
  text-transform: none;
  margin-top: 8px;
}
.hopper-nav { justify-content: space-between; gap: 9px 16px; }
.hopper-nav .printbtn { margin-left: 0; }
.challenge-rules { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); margin: 24px 0 18px; }
.challenge-rules div {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(110px, .3fr) 1fr;
  column-gap: 20px;
  padding: 12px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.challenge-rules dt { font-weight: 650; }
.challenge-rules dd { margin: 0; color: #464e43; max-width: 68ch; }
.section p.brief-goal {
  max-width: none;
  margin: 20px 0 0;
  padding: 14px 18px;
  border-left: 3px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--sage);
}
.design-spread, .repair-spread, .sequence-pair {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: clamp(16px, 2.5vw, 32px);
}
.design-spread { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, .88fr) minmax(0, 1.12fr); }
.study-image {
  display: block;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: #e9e6db;
  overflow: hidden;
}
.study-image img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.sketch-image img { height: auto; }
.sequence-pair { gap: clamp(12px, 1.8vw, 22px); margin-top: 16px; }
.sequence-pair .study-image { aspect-ratio: 1.33; }
.pivots img { object-position: 50% 57%; }
.rope img { object-position: 50% 53%; }
.repair-spread {
  margin: 34px 0;
  padding: 24px 0;
  border-block: 1px solid var(--line);
  align-items: center;
}
.repair-spread h3 { margin-top: 0; }
.fracture { aspect-ratio: 1.8; }
.fracture img { object-position: 50% 36%; transform: scale(1.65); transform-origin: 48% 44%; }
.stance-pair .study-image { aspect-ratio: 1; }
.folded img { object-position: 53% 43%; }
.extended img { object-position: 50% 72%; }
.case-body .vidfig video { aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-fit: contain; }
.section .vidfig:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .design-spread { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .design-spread .sketch-image { max-width: 600px; }
}
@media (max-width: 680px) {
  .hopper-head { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 14px; }
  .lead-photo { max-width: 450px; }
  .challenge-rules div { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2px; padding: 10px 0; }
  .challenge-rules dd { font-size: 15px; }
  .repair-spread { grid-template-columns: 1fr; margin: 24px 0; padding: 18px 0; gap: 6px; }
  .hopper-nav { justify-content: flex-start; }
}
@media (max-width: 380px) {
  .hopper-head .case-title, .hero h1 { font-size: clamp(50px, 16vw, 60px); }
}
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .placement-pair, .stance-pair { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 17px; }
  .stance-pair .study-image { aspect-ratio: 1.12; }
}
@media print {
  .hopper-head { grid-template-columns: 1fr .75fr; gap: 20px; }
  .design-spread { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .repair-spread, .sequence-pair, .challenge-rules div { break-inside: avoid; }
  .lead-photo, .sequence-pair .study-image { max-width: 235px; }
  .lead-photo figcaption, .case-body figcaption { font-size: 9pt; }
}